Ορισμός, βασικά χαρακτηριστικά και αρχιτεκτονικές IoT, εφαρμογές ΙοΤ, αντιδιαστολή με τον ιστό των αντικειμένων (Web of Things / WoT), προκλήσεις του IoT όπως προτυποποίηση, κλιμάκωση, μέγεθος συσκευών, κατανάλωση ενέργειας, διευθυνσιοδότηση, ασφάλεια/ιδιωτικότητα, ποιότητας υπηρεσιών, κινητικότητα κ.α
Each member must operate as an autonomous master (not as a slave;) this is essential to self-coordinate allocation of labor.
- Solidarity
Each member must cooperate in solidarity: when a task is completed, each member should autonomously look for a new task (leveraging its current position.)
- Expandability
The system must permit expansion where members are dynamically aggregated.
- Resiliency
The system must be self-healing: when members are removed, the remaining members should undertake the unfinished tasks.
=== The Five Principles of Swarm Intelligence (Video)
* Five Principles of Swarm Intelligence
+
video::axxXz2BM0yw[youtube]
=== Swarm Apps
==== Harvard University
Harvard University scientists have developed about a thousand tiny robots that, like swarming bees or army ants, can work together in vast numbers without a guiding central intelligence
* Programmable self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm
The Shooting Star system is designed for light shows, so it will initially be used for entertainment, such as shows as theme parks, sports stadiums, and large public events (Fourth of July, New Year's Eve, etc.). The show is a bit like battery-powered fireworks, but with Intel's brains behind the operation, fancy animation can be created in just a few days.
Each quadcopter weighs just over half a pound, with built-in LED lights that can create more than 4 billion color combinations. The system's algorithms determine where drones should be placed and optimize the flight path. An entire fleet of hundreds of drones can be controlled by a single computer.
Each member is controlled through a central computer
* Harvard University
Each member behaves autonomously without a central computer
Both approaches have merits and limitations.
In the case of “a” above, members are slaves in a system controlled by a central computer with sufficient channels of communication. The results can be visually spectacular, as illustrated by Intel’s drones. However, since a central computer dictates the movement of each member, there is limited flexibility to adapt to changing environments
TIP: vulnerability due to single point of failure
In the case of "b"
image:./Image3_650.jpg[alt="Traffic jams"]
In a swarm of a thousand simple robots, errors like traffic jams (second from left) and imprecise positioning (far right) are common. (Photo courtesy of Mike Rubenstein and Science/AAAS.)
