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< / style >
< link rel = "stylesheet" href = "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" >
< / head >
< body class = "article toc2 toc-right" >
< div id = "header" >
< h1 > Git basics!< / h1 >
< div class = "details" >
< span id = "author" class = "author" > Apostolos rootApostolos@swarmlab.io< / span > < br >
< / div >
< div id = "toc" class = "toc2" >
< div id = "toctitle" > Table of contents< / div >
< ul class = "sectlevel1" >
< li > < a href = "#_edit" > 1. Edit< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#_staging" > 2. Staging< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#_tagging" > 3. Tagging< / a >
< ul class = "sectlevel2" >
< li > < a href = "#_listing_your_tags" > 3.1. Listing Your Tags< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#_creating_tags" > 3.2. Creating Tags< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#_sharing_tags" > 3.3. Sharing Tags< / a > < / li >
< li > < a href = "#_deleting_tags" > 3.4. Deleting Tags< / a >
< ul class = "sectlevel3" >
< li > < a href = "#_remove_from_server" > 3.4.1. remove from server< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< li > < a href = "#_checking_out_tags" > 3.5. Checking out Tags< / a > < / li >
< / ul >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / div >
< / div >
< div id = "content" >
< div id = "preamble" >
< div class = "sectionbody" >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > < br >
< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "sect1" >
< h2 id = "_edit" > 1. Edit< / h2 >
< div class = "sectionbody" >
< div class = "openblock float-group" >
< div class = "title" > Lifecycle< / div >
< div class = "content" >
< div class = "imageblock right" >
< div class = "content" >
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< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > As you < strong > edit< / strong > files, Git sees them as < strong > modified< / strong > , because you’ve changed them since your last commit. As you work, you selectively < strong > stage< / strong > these modified files and then < strong > commit< / strong > all those staged changes, and the < strong > cycle repeats< / strong > .< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
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< i class = "fa icon-note" title = "Note" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< div class = "title" > tracked vs untracked< / div >
< p > Each file in working directory can be in < strong > one of two states< / strong > :< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "ulist" >
< ul >
< li >
< p > tracked< / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > untracked.< / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > < strong > Tracked files< / strong > are files that were in the last snapshot; they can be:< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "ulist" >
< ul >
< li >
< p > unmodified< / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > modified< / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > staged< / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock tip" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-tip" title = "Tip" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
< strong > tracked< / strong > files are files that Git knows about.
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "sect1" >
< h2 id = "_staging" > 2. Staging< / h2 >
< div class = "sectionbody" >
< div class = "openblock float-group" >
< div class = "title" > Staging Area< / div >
< div class = "content" >
< div class = "imageblock right" >
< div class = "content" >
< img src = "data:image/png;base64,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
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > < strong > stage< / strong > some of your files and commit them without committing all of the other modified files in working directory.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > This allows you to stage only portions of a modified file.< / p >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock tip" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-tip" title = "Tip" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > Git has something called the < strong > "staging area"< / strong > or < strong > "index"< / strong > .< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > This is an < strong > intermediate area< / strong > where commits can be formatted and reviewed before completing the commit.< / p >
< / div >
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "sect1" >
< h2 id = "_tagging" > 3. Tagging< / h2 >
< div class = "sectionbody" >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< div class = "title" > Staging Area< / div >
< p > Tag specific points in a repository’s history as being important.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > Typically, people use this functionality to mark release points (v1.0, v2.0 and so on)< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "sect2" >
< h3 id = "_listing_your_tags" > 3.1. Listing Your Tags< / h3 >
< div class = "listingblock" >
< div class = "title" > list in alphabetical order< / div >
< div class = "content" >
< pre class = "highlight" > < code class = "language-bash" data-lang = "bash" > git tag< / code > < / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock note" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-note" title = "Note" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > Listing tag wildcards requires -l or --list option< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > If you want just the entire list of tags, running the command git tag implicitly assumes you want a listing and provides one; the use of -l or --list in this case is optional.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > If, however, you’re supplying a wildcard pattern to match tag names, the use of -l or --list is mandatory.< / p >
< / div >
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "sect2" >
< h3 id = "_creating_tags" > 3.2. Creating Tags< / h3 >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > Git supports two types of tags:< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "ulist" >
< ul >
< li >
< p > lightweight< / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > annotated< / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / div >
< div class = "listingblock" >
< div class = "title" > annotated< / div >
< div class = "content" >
< pre class = "highlight" > < code class = "language-bash" data-lang = "bash" > git tag -a v1.4 -m "my version 1.4"< / code > < / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "literalblock" >
< div class = "content" >
< pre > The -m specifies a tagging message, which is stored with the tag< / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "listingblock" >
< div class = "title" > lightweight< / div >
< div class = "content" >
< pre class = "highlight" > < code class = "language-bash" data-lang = "bash" > git tag v1.4-lw< / code > < / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "literalblock" >
< div class = "content" >
< pre > To create a lightweight tag, don’t supply any of the -a, -s, or -m options, just provide a tag name< / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock note" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-note" title = "Note" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > A < strong > lightweight< / strong > tag is very much like a branch that doesn’t change — it’s just a pointer to a specific commit.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > < strong > Annotated< / strong > tags, however, are stored as full objects in the Git database.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > They’re checksummed; < strong > contain< / strong > the < em > tagger name< / em > , < em > email< / em > , and < em > date< / em > ; have a < em > tagging message< / em > ; and can be < em > signed and verified with GNU Privacy Guard (GPG)< / em > .< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock tip" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-tip" title = "Tip" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
It’s generally < strong > recommended that you create annotated tags< / strong > so you can have all this information;
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "sect2" >
< h3 id = "_sharing_tags" > 3.3. Sharing Tags< / h3 >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > By default, the < strong > git push command< / strong > doesn’t transfer tags to remote servers.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > You will have to explicitly push tags to a shared server after you have created them.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > This process is just like sharing remote branches< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "listingblock" >
< div class = "title" > sharing tags< / div >
< div class = "content" >
< pre class = "highlight" > < code class = "language-bash" data-lang = "bash" > git push origin v1< / code > < / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock note" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-note" title = "Note" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< div class = "title" > git push pushes both types of tags< / div >
< p > < strong > git push < remote> --tags< / strong > will push both< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "ulist" >
< ul >
< li >
< p > lightweight and< / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > annotated tags.< / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock tip" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-tip" title = "Tip" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
There is currently < strong > no option to push only lightweight tags< / strong >
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock tip" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-tip" title = "Tip" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
git push < remote> --follow-tags will < strong > only annotated tags will be pushed< / strong > to the remote.
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "sect2" >
< h3 id = "_deleting_tags" > 3.4. Deleting Tags< / h3 >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > To delete a tag on your local repository, you can use git tag < strong > -d < tagname> < / strong > < / p >
< / div >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > Remove our lightweight tag above as follows:< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "listingblock" >
< div class = "title" > remove tag< / div >
< div class = "content" >
< pre class = "highlight" > < code class = "language-bash" data-lang = "bash" > git tag -d v1.4-lw< / code > < / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock tip" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-tip" title = "Tip" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
Note that this does not remove the tag from any remote servers.
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< div class = "sect3" >
< h4 id = "_remove_from_server" > 3.4.1. remove from server< / h4 >
< div class = "listingblock" >
< div class = "title" > remove the tag from any remote servers< / div >
< div class = "content" >
< pre class = "highlight" > < code class = "language-bash" data-lang = "bash" > git push origin --delete < tagname> < / code > < / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "sect2" >
< h3 id = "_checking_out_tags" > 3.5. Checking out Tags< / h3 >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > If you want to view the versions of files a tag is pointing to, you can do a git checkout of that tag, although this puts your repository in “detached HEAD” state, which has some ill side effects:< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "listingblock" >
< div class = "content" >
< pre class = "highlight" > < code class = "language-bash" data-lang = "bash" > git checkout v2.0.0< / code > < / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock note" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-note" title = "Note" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
< div class = "paragraph" >
< p > In < strong > “detached HEAD”< / strong > state< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "ulist" >
< ul >
< li >
< p > if you make changes and then create a commit, the tag will stay the same, < strong > but your new commit won’t belong to any branch and will be unreachable< / strong > , except by the exact commit hash.< / p >
< / li >
< li >
< p > Thus, if you need to make changes — say you’re fixing a bug on an older version, for instance — you will generally want to < strong > create a branch< / strong > :< / p >
< / li >
< / ul >
< / div >
< div class = "listingblock" >
< div class = "content" >
< pre class = "highlight" > < code class = "language-bash" data-lang = "bash" > git checkout -b version2 v2.0.0< / code > < / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonitionblock tip" >
< table >
< tr >
< td class = "icon" >
< i class = "fa icon-tip" title = "Tip" > < / i >
< / td >
< td class = "content" >
< div class = "title" > new branch 'version2'< / div >
If you do this and make a commit, your version2 < strong > branch will be slightly different than your v2.0.0< / strong > tag since it will move forward with your new changes, so do < strong > be careful< / strong > .
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< / td >
< / tr >
< / table >
< / div >
< div class = "exampleblock" >
< div class = "content" >
< div class = "literalblock" >
< div class = "content" >
< pre > One of the more helpful options is -p or --patch, which shows the difference (the patch output) introduced in each commit.< / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "literalblock" >
< div class = "content" >
< pre > "Pro Git book" by Scott Chacon and Ben Straub , used under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 / Desaturated from original< / pre >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< / body >
< / html >
